Wall Street has brought forth various ways to give the appearance that the future action of the market is somehow rational or predictable. The Efficient Market Theory (EMT), Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), Value at Risk (VaR) are such examples. They sound very knowing and lend an air of expertise to markets and investing. They lend comfort to investors that risk can be easily quantified, measured and controlled. The reality couldn’t be further from the truth.
Contributed by Tim Taschler
No one
knows what the market will do tomorrow.
No one knows how high or low it will trade, or when it will turn and
move in the opposite direction. Turn on
CNBC and you are sure to hear about the VIX, the fear gauge. The simplified discussions make is seem that
volatility is a risk gauge. But
volatility is not risk, and risk cannot be measured by volatility alone.
Volatility, standard deviations, and various mathematical gymnastics give the impression that these market theorists have a very clear handle on risk. But consider these two quotes from famed mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot from his 2004 book The (Mis)Behavior of Markets:
“The seemingly improbable happens all the time in financial markets. A year earlier [1997], the Dow had fallen 7.7 percent in one day. (Probability: one in 50 billion.) In July 2002, the index recorded three steep falls within seven trading days. (Probability: one in four trillion.) And on October 19,1987, the worst day of trading in at least a century, the index fell 29.2 percent. The probability of that happening, based on the standard reckoning of financial theorists, was less than one in 1050 – odds so small they have no meaning. It is a number outside the scale of nature.” (Mandelbrot, The (Mis)Behavior of Markets, 2004, p. 4)
“In fact, the bell curve fits reality very poorly. From 1916 to 2003, the daily index movements of the Dow Jones Industrial Average do not spread out on a graph paper like a simple bell curve. The far edges flare too high: too many big changes. Theory suggests that over time, there should be 58 days when the Dow moved more than 3.4%; in fact there were 1,001. Theory predicts 6 days of index swings beyond 4.5%; in fact, there were 366. And index swings of more than 7% should come once every 300,000 years; in fact, the 20th century saw forty-eight such days. (Ibid, p.13)
Mandelbrot makes clear one needs to understand risk, and the fact is that financial markets continuously trade in ways that probabilities suggest should never happen. Risk happens, and it happens fast. Hearing that the VIX is trading at 12 or 15 or 18 (all relatively low numbers) does not mean all is well and there is little-to-no risk in the market. In fact, it is just the opposite.
Risk as Loss
What really matters is to focus on risk as loss, because loss, or drawdown, is all that matters. I hear over and over again how various volatility selling strategies have a high Sharpe ratio and therefore very limited risk. Tell that to my fellow floor traders from the CBOE floor in 1987 when the VIX (symbol VXO) rose over 600% while the market fell 30%:
Risk is, in my opinion,
about loss. Markets are not efficient. Mandelbrot writes that “Much of what passes
for orthodoxy in economics and finance proves, on closer examination, to be
shaky business.” (Ibid, p. 226). He then
goes on to list what he calls his “Ten Heresies of Finance”:
- Markets are turbulent.
- Markets are very, very risky — more risky than the standard theories imagine.
- Market “timing” matters greatly. Big gains and losses concentrate into small packages of time.
- Prices often leap, not glide. That adds to the risk.
- In markets, time is flexible.
- Markets in all places and ages work alike.
- Markets are inherently uncertain, and bubbles are inevitable.
- Markets are deceptive.
- Forecasting prices may be perilous, but you can estimate the odds of future volatility.
- In financial markets, the idea of “value” has limited value.
In my 33 years around
markets, I have come to appreciate and respect Mandelbrot’s list. Richard Dennis, famous floor trader and
creator of the Turtle Traders, wrote back in 1987 the following:
“We are playing a variant of the Greater Fool theory which should be called the Slower Fool theory. According to the Greater Fool Theory, investors buy things [at inflated prices] on the hope that they can find a greater fool to sell to.
“Following the Slower Fool Theory, …my plan …is to be faster than the other fools holding [similar positions] and liquidate before the oncoming Armageddon devastates them… To the extent that everyone believes the crisis is sometime in the future and somebody else’s crisis, the game is viable.
“Unfortunately, the future will arrive and …it will be a discontinuous leap for investors specifically and the economy generally into illiquidity, panic, and chaos. I suspect many people’s investment strategies are not much different from mine. Keep buying that paper even though it is no good [while preparing] to head for the safe harbor.“
– Richard Dennis, New Perspectives Quarterly, Fall 1987
The Everything Bubble and COVID19
Here we are in 2020, in the midst of what Graham Summers has called “The Everything Bubble” (see his book by the same title). The S&P500 has plunged 15.7% from it’s high to low while the volatility index (VIX) has risen 270%:
Where we go from here is anyone’s guess. Central Banks will likely do some emergency rate cuts, possibly on a unified global basis. But neither rate cuts nor money printing will eliminate COVID19. There has never been anything like this historically. There is no road map, no analogue, to use for guidance. These are record-setting market plunges from all-time highs during a period of negative-yielding government bonds.
This era of passive investing might well have just come to an abrupt end, and buying the dips might be much more of a gamble than it has over the past decade.
Diversification of assets is important, and by that, I mean non-correlated assets not just a bunch of ETFs or mutual funds that all own the same thing. Global economies were already slowing before COVID19. It will be more important than ever to remain nimble and avoid complacency.
Tim Taschler is an Investment Executive with Sprott Global Resource Investments, Ltd. This article is part of a series called “Expert Insights” where financial advisors share their knowledge on important and trending topics with Upside Avenue investors.
Past performance does not guarantee future results. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author’s as of the date of this commentary and are subject to change without notice. This information is for information purposes only and is not intended to be an offer or solicitation for the sale of any financial product or service or a recommendation or determination by Sprott Global Resource Investments Ltd. that any investment strategy is suitable for a specific investor. Investors should seek financial advice regarding the suitability of any investment strategy based on the objectives of the investor, financial situation, investment horizon, and their particular needs. This information is not intended to provide financial, tax, legal, accounting or other professional advice since such advice always requires consideration of individual circumstances.
